CIVILIZATION REVOLUTION CATHERINE FULL
CIVILIZATION REVOLUTION CATHERINE FREE

The Caspian flotilla was used against Persia in 1722. The Black Sea fleet had to be given up, together with Azov, in 1711. In 1724 its effectives numbered 131,400 infantry and 38,400 cavalry, excellently trained and equipped. Military, finance, and administrationīy 1710 Russia had a regular army recruited by conscription from among the peasantry and petty townsfolk, the first of its kind in Europe. Moreover, in 1726 Russia began to export pig iron. The factories eventually armed Peter’s army and navy and aided in clothing his soldiers, thus fulfilling the purpose for which they had been created. Petersburg, northeast of the new capital on the Svir, around Moscow and Tula, on the upper Don, and round Yekaterinburg. Most of the factories were located in the new industrial region of St. Of the 199 factories existing in 1725, 18 percent were textile and 31 percent metallurgical, and all but 13 had been established in the reign of Peter, half of them by the state. State serfs were assigned to factories, and non- dvoriane (non-nobles) received permission to acquire manpower through the purchase of villages. Anxious to stimulate industry (as well as trade), the government took a hand in the establishment of factories but also encouraged private enterprise, especially by making up the deficiency of capital and labour. The merchants proved to be the most enterprising members of this class. Toward the end of the period, there were only about 170,000 townsmen, a bare 10 percent more than in 1700.

CIVILIZATION REVOLUTION CATHERINE FREE

In addition to the lack of a free labour market, capital was in short supply and potential entrepreneurs were hard to find among the townspeople. The diminishing freedom of the rural population hindered industrial development. Peter’s prohibition of 1723 “to sell peasants like cattle” illustrates their plight.

CIVILIZATION REVOLUTION CATHERINE FULL

The peasants, in addition to bearing virtually the full weight of the fiscal burden throughout Peter’s reign, were compelled to supply the state with military and civil conscripts: recruits for the army and navy and labour for the construction of fortresses, canals, ships, and St. Petersburg.Dennis Jarvis (CC-BY-2.0) ( A Britannica Publishing Partner) Saint Petersburg, RussiaEncyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Petersburg: Hermitage museum and Alexander ColumnWinter Palace (left) and the New Hermitage (right both parts of the Hermitage museum), with the Alexander Column, in St. There the sea routes of the Baltic met the system of overland waterways leading to the Caspian. Petersburg, founded in 1703 among marsh and woodland, a living symbol of the new era and of its initiator, replaced Moscow as the capital of Russia in 1712. In eastern Siberia, in the 1720s, it annexed the territory of the Chukchi people and the Kamchatka Peninsula. On the Caspian, after defeating Persia in 1722, Russia temporarily occupied Dagestan, Gīlān, and Māzandarān. Both parts of the adjacent area of Zaporozhye (the dominion over the left bank of the Dnieper and the protectorate over the right bank) were likewise lost to Turkey, and the Zaporozhian Sich, a Cossack stronghold on the lower Dnieper, was razed in 1709. The price of success on the Baltic was failure on the Black Sea: the regions of Azov and Taganrog won from Turkey in 1696 had to be surrendered in 1711. With his victory over Sweden in the Second Northern War, Peter regained Ingria and Finnish Karelia and acquired Estonia and Livonia, with the ports of Narva, Revel ( Tallinn), and Riga. Peter IPeter I.Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum object no. Popular dissatisfaction usually turned against these favourites rather than the tsar himself, such as during the urban uprisings (1648–50) that led to the exile of Morozov, and the great peasant rebellion (1670–71) led by the Cossack Stenka Razin. Government during this period usually rested in the hands of individuals who for one reason or another exercised personal influence over the tsars. In spite of this, all three were popular tsars who left behind a good reputation among the people and whom the Slavophiles of the 19th century idealized as model Russian monarchs. Fyodor III, a boy of just 14 at the time of his accession in 1676, also yielded much power to favourites. Michael’s son Alexis came to the throne in 1645 at age 16 he was much under the influence first of Boris Ivanovich Morozov and then of the patriarch Nikon.

Crowned at age 17, Michael shared the throne during the crucial years of his reign with his father, the patriarch Philaret. They found it in Michael Romanov, a young boyar (nobleman), who was elected tsar in 1613. The empire had its genesis when the Russian nobility sought a new bloodline for its monarchy. Russian EmpireFlag of the Russian Empire.

Civilization revolution catherine